The socialist parties in the main warring countries Germany, Austro-Hungary, France, Belgium, and Britain — betrayed their pledges Stuttgart and rallied to support the effort of their capitalist governments. ..…

Tracing the history of these and other related techniques, Rejali argues that most originated with military punishments or with slavery, found their way into the interrogational practices of “the main Western democracies” (Britain, France, and the United States), and—after a period of..…

When the First World War broke out in August 1914, the majority leaderships of the main socialist parties—in Britain, France, Germany, and Austria-Hungary—supported the war efforts of their respective capitalist ruling classes, thus bringing about the collapse of the Socialist or Second..…