Anti-Semitism in the US is of no structural significance it does not prejudice Jewish opportunity, as Islam is, to prevent people from entering the country or to justify the racial profiling and surveillance of American citizens. ..…

For example, when Le Pen called for “ostentatious religious signs” to be banned in October 2016 and again in February 2017, she mentioned not just the Muslim hijab but also the Jewish kippah, a “small sacrifice” she claimed many French Jews would be ready to make to defeat Islam. ..…