The unusually large age gap in Poland may be due to the Catholic Church’s association with nationalism, Polish identity and resistance to the Soviet Union during Poland’s communist period; younger Poles did not experience this period firsthand, but it may have had a lasting impact among..…

Due to the attacks of Eisenhower, Cuban leader was welcomed at Harlem's Hotel Theresa, and with First Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev, among other personalities... ..…

The eastern German city of Chemnitz – renamed Karl-Marx-Stadt during the Communist regime of the German Democratic Republic (GDR/under the tutelage of the Soviet Union)—has been the site of far-right protests and clashing counter-demonstrations since weeks. ..…

Julius was a low-level Soviet operative, a currier of non-threatening U.S. atomic-energy information.  Ethel was a former Communist Party member, Brooklyn housewife and mother of their two boys; she was sympathetic to her husband’s activities but likely played no role in them. . ..…

In . the destruction of Soviet ecological science is discussed.16 . In China the capitalist road to socialism, articulated by the Chinese Communist Party in the most recent period (since 1979), put development first, and also involved the forced drafting of natural resources and, to a..…

Meanwhile, the Russian Revolution of 1917 ushered in communist governments that persecuted Christians and other religious groups for the length of the Soviet era. . ..…

While nearly all of the countries surveyed were either part of the communist Soviet Union or in the USSR’s sphere of influence just a few decades ago, majorities across most of the region say most people are better off in a free-market economic system, even though some people are rich and..…

The Communist forces had to abandon their soviet and embark on what turned into the Long March. ... Pantsov and Levine do not lay to rest the speculation that Stalin was hedging his bets, unsure whether it was to the Soviet Union’s advantage to have a powerful, united..…

First, there was the president of the pro- Soviet Republic of Afghanistan, Communist-turned- Afghan-nationalist strongman named Mohammad Najibullah. In fact, his regime would last until 1992, when Soviet Union collapsed and the money and supplies it had been providing Afghan..…

For many others there is an assumption that it is a holiday celebrated in state communist countries such as Cuba or the former Soviet Union. ..…

(His brother Jakub would later preside over the Communist security apparatus that would persecute Home Army veterans—including those who had aided Jews.)7 For the Home Army, the Soviet advance meant the arrival of a dubious ally against the Germans as well as an impending threat to Polish..…

This world-historic event opened new opportunities; perhaps the most remarkable was his serving as an expert witness at the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ..…

Indeed, even the major communist states—the Soviet Union and China—are turning away from once accepted practices of communism. ..…

It was not only the first secretary of the Communist Party who was overwhelmed and bewildered. Little help was forthcoming from Soviet economists, philosophers, and sociologists. ..…

Reason Three: The October Revolution substantiated, in practice, the materialist conception of history as formulated by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto. The establishment of Soviet power under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party verified an essential element of Marx’s..…

Left Opposition emerged in the fall of 1923, in the period of Lenin's and amid German revolution, when the growth of in Soviet state and Communist Party was already arousing opposition within the party and the working class as whole. ..…