Soviet support for Israel further damaged credibility to its erratic efforts to build Arab Communist parties under the slogan of “Arabization plus Bolshevization.”  . ..…

The pro-Western upper and middle classes were seen as incapable of delivering internal reform.35 The landed aristocracy was despised for its collusion with imperial powers and its shameless promotion of self-interest.36 The loss of Palestine in 1948 and the failure of the Arab states to stop the formation of..…

True, the ruling circles in the countries of Middle East know that in case of revolution or Soviet conquest they will be liquidated, and the fear of the bullet of political assassin outweighs for the time being the fear of annexation to Communist world. At the secret conclave at Sèvre,..…