In response to the re-emergence of the Taliban threat in the north, in 2009 the NDS and some provincial governors reactivated former militia networks that had controlled the area during the anti-Soviet resistance and civil war.[214] One of these was that of Mir Alam, whose militia was linked to the Kunduz NDS..…

The government of former Hamid Karzai failed to bring these individuals and their forces to justice, fostering further abuses and fueling local grievances that have generated support for Taliban and other anti-government forces. ..…